\documentclass{beamer}


\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{formal-grammar}
\usepackage[dvipsnames]{xcolor}
\usepackage{mathpartir}
\usepackage{stmaryrd}

\newcommand{\metavariable}[1]{\textcolor{teal}{#1}}
\newcommand{\typeterminal}[1]{\textcolor{brown}{#1}}
\newcommand{\exprterminal}[1]{\textcolor{Sepia}{#1}}



\title{A functional core calculus with ladder-types}
%\date[ISPN ’80]{27th International Symposium of Prime Numbers}


\author[Euclid]{Michael Sippel \texttt{michael.sippel@mailbox.tu-dresden.de}\inst{1}}
\institute{\inst{1} Technische Universität Dresden}

\usetheme{ccc}

\begin{document}

\begin{frame}
\titlepage
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Type Systems}
  \framesubtitle{Tension between Safety and Flexibility}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item<1-> Goal: eliminate undefined behaviour,
  facilitate abstract code
  \item<2-> simple types are overly restrictive,
  loss of low level control

  \item<3-|alert@3> polymorphism
  (regain flexibility in type-safe way)
  \begin{itemize}
    \item<4-> parametric polymorphism (generics)
    \item<4-> subtype polymorphism (inheritance / coercions)
  \end{itemize}  
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{How to get fast code?}
  \framesubtitle{Requirements for a type system}
  \begin{itemize}
  \item<1-> algorithmic optimization
    \begin{itemize}
     \item see which methods are used most frequently
     \item switch structures to reduce complexity there
     \item identify special cases
    \end{itemize}

 \item<2-> optimize implementation detail:
   \begin{itemize}
    \item remove indirection
    \item bottleneck? memory!\\
      (plenty of Main-memory, but FAST memory is scarce\\
      	\(\rightarrow\) improve cache \& bus efficiency with compact representations)

      \begin{itemize}
	   \item<3-> Balance De-/Encode Overhead
	         vs. Fetch-Overhead

       \item<4-> Synchronize locality in access order and memory layout.
       -> elements accessed in succession shall be close in memory.
	        (e.g. AoS vs SoA)

       \item<5-> accounting for machine specific cache-sizes
       \item<6-> accounting for SIMD instructions
       \item<7-> interfacing with kernels running on accelerator devices
      \end{itemize}
    \end{itemize}
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Abstract Concept - Multiple Representations}
\framesubtitle{Requirements for a type system}
  \begin{itemize}
    \item 
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Coercions: (In-)Coherence with Transitivity}
  \begin{itemize}
    \item<1-> Common example: coerce  \texttt{Int -> Real}
    (subsumption \(\mathbb{N} \subset \mathbb{R}\))

      \begin{itemize}
        \item \texttt{Int -> Real}
        \item \texttt{Int -> String}
        \item \texttt{Real -> String}
      \end{itemize}

    \item<2-> transitivity creates two extensionally \emph{different} coercion paths:
    \begin{itemize}
      \item \texttt{Int -> String}  (3 -> "3")
      \item \texttt{Int -> Real -> String} (3 -> "3.0")
    \end{itemize}

    \item<3-> Subsumptive interpretation is misleading!
    \item<3-> \texttt{Int -> Real} is not as unambiguous as it might seem.
    \begin{itemize}
      \item value ranges (e.g. map int to unit interval [0,1])
      \item multiple quantization functions (linear, exponential, \dots)
    \end{itemize}
    
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Sea of Types}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sot-int.png}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Sea of Types}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sot-json.png}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Ladder Types}
  \begin{block}{Intuition}
    Encode "represented-as" relation into type terms
  \end{block}

  \begin{block}{}
    \( \tau_1 \sim \tau_2 \)  reads "\(\tau_1\) represented as \(\tau_2\)"
  \end{block}
  
  \begin{example}\(
    Color \sim sRGB
    \sim HSV \sim \langle \text{Vec3} \quad \mathbb{R}_{[0,1]}
      \sim \langle \text{QuantizeLinear} \quad 256 \rangle
      \sim \mathbb{Z}_{256} \sim \text{machine.UInt8} \sim \text{Byte}
      \rangle 
    \sim \text{[Byte; 3]}
  \)\end{example}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Extending System F}
\small
\begin{grammar}

\firstcase{ T }{
	\metavariable{\sigma}
}{Base Type}

\otherform{
	\metavariable{\alpha}
}{Type Variable}

\otherform{
	\typeterminal{\forall} \metavariable{\alpha} \typeterminal{.} \nonterm{T}
}{Universal Type}

\otherform{
	\typeterminal{<} \nonterm{T} \quad \nonterm{T} \typeterminal{>}
}{Specialized Type}

\otherform{
	\nonterm{T} \quad \typeterminal{\rightarrow} \quad \nonterm{T}
}{Function Type}

\otherform{
	\nonterm{T} \quad \typeterminal{\rightarrow_\text{morph}} \quad \nonterm{T}
}{Morphism Type}

\otherform{
	\nonterm{T} \quad \typeterminal{\sim} \quad \nonterm{T}
}{Ladder Type}

$$\\$$

\firstcase{ E
% T_\selexpr
}
	{ \metavariable{x}
} {Variable}

\otherform{
	\exprterminal{let} \quad \metavariable{x} \quad \exprterminal{=} \quad 
	\nonterm{ E }
	\quad \exprterminal{in} \quad
	\nonterm{ E }
}{Variable Binding}

\otherform{
	$$ \exprterminal{\Lambda} \metavariable{\alpha}
	\quad \exprterminal{\mapsto} \quad $$
	\nonterm{ E }
}{Type Abstraction}

\otherform{
	$$ \exprterminal{\lambda} \metavariable{x} $$
	\exprterminal{:} \nonterm{ T }
    \quad $$\exprterminal{\mapsto}$$ \quad
	\nonterm{ E }
}{Value Abstraction}

\otherform{
	$$ \exprterminal{\lambda} \metavariable{x} $$
	\exprterminal{:} \nonterm{ T }
    \quad $$\exprterminal{\mapsto_\text{morph}}$$ \quad
	\nonterm{ E }
}{Value Morphism}

\otherform{
	\nonterm{ E }
	\quad
	\nonterm{ T }
}{Type Application}

\otherform{
	\nonterm{ E }
	\quad
    \nonterm{ E }
}{Value Application}

\otherform{
    \nonterm{ E }
	\quad
	\exprterminal{as}
	\quad
    \nonterm{ T }
}{Ascension}

\otherform{
    \nonterm{ E }
	\quad
	\exprterminal{des}
	\quad
    \nonterm{ T }
}{Descension}

\end{grammar}

  
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Morphism Graph}

\begin{definition}[Morphism Paths]
\label{def:pathrules}
\begin{mathpar}

	\inferrule[M-Sub]{
		\metavariable{\tau} \leq \metavariable{\tau'}
	}{
		\Gamma \vdash \metavariable{\tau} \leadsto \metavariable{\tau'}
	}

	\inferrule[M-Single]{
		(\metavariable{h} : \metavariable{\tau} \typeterminal{\rightarrow_\text{morph}} \metavariable{\tau'}) \in \Gamma
	}{
		\Gamma \vdash \metavariable{\tau} \leadsto \metavariable{\tau'}
	}

	\inferrule[M-Chain]{
		\Gamma \vdash \metavariable{\tau} \leadsto \metavariable{\tau'}\\
		\Gamma \vdash \metavariable{\tau'} \leadsto \metavariable{\tau''}
	}{
		\Gamma \vdash \metavariable{\tau} \leadsto \metavariable{\tau''}
	}
	
	\inferrule[M-MapSeq]{
		\Gamma \vdash \metavariable{\tau} \leadsto \metavariable{\tau'}
	}{
		\Gamma \vdash
		\typeterminal{\langle\text{Seq } \metavariable{\tau}\rangle} \leadsto
		\typeterminal{\langle\text{Seq } \metavariable{\tau'}\rangle}
	}
\end{mathpar}
\end{definition}  
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Morphism Graph}

\begin{example}[Morphism Graph]
\begin{mathpar}
\small
\text{Assume  } 
\Gamma := \{\\
	\exprterminal{\text{degrees-to-turns}} : \typeterminal{\text{Angle}\sim\text{Degrees}\sim\mathbb{R} \quad \rightarrow_\text{morph} \quad \text{Angle}\sim\text{Turns}\sim\mathbb{R}},\\
	\exprterminal{\text{turns-to-radians}} : \typeterminal{\text{Angle}\sim\text{Turns}\sim\mathbb{R} \quad  \rightarrow_\text{morph} \quad  \text{Angle}\sim\text{Radians}\sim\mathbb{R}},\\
\}.
\end{mathpar}
\end{example}

\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Morphism Graph}

\begin{example}[Morphism Graph]
Then ..
\small
\begin{itemize}
\item \(\Gamma \vdash \typeterminal{\text{Angle}\sim\text{Degrees}\sim\mathbb{R}} \leadsto \typeterminal{\mathbb{R}}\) (by \textsc{M-Sub})
\item \(\Gamma \vdash \typeterminal{\text{Angle}\sim\text{Degrees}\sim\mathbb{R}} \leadsto \typeterminal{\text{Angle}\sim\text{Radians}\sim\mathbb{R}}\) (by \textsc{M-Chain})
\item \(\Gamma \vdash \typeterminal{\langle\text{Seq }\text{Angle}\sim\text{Degrees}\sim\mathbb{R}\rangle} \leadsto \typeterminal{\langle\text{Seq }\text{Angle}\sim\text{Radians}\sim\mathbb{R}\rangle}\) (by \textsc{M-MapSeq})
\end{itemize}
\end{example}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Typing}

\begin{definition}[Typing Relation]
\begin{mathpar}
	\inferrule[T-App]{
		\Gamma \vdash \metavariable{f} : \metavariable{\sigma} \typeterminal{\rightarrow} \metavariable{\tau}\\
		\Gamma \vdash \metavariable{a} : \metavariable{\sigma'}\\
		\Gamma \vdash \metavariable{\sigma'} \leadsto \metavariable{\sigma}
	}{
		\Gamma \vdash (\metavariable{f} \quad \metavariable{a}) : \metavariable{\tau}
	}
\end{mathpar}
\end{definition}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Translation}
\begin{definition}[Morphism Translation]
\begin{mathpar}
\small

\Big{\llbracket}
	\inferrule[M-Sub]{
		\metavariable{\tau} \leq \metavariable{\tau'}
	}{
		\Gamma \vdash \metavariable{\tau} \leadsto \metavariable{\tau'}
	}
\Big{\rrbracket} = \exprterminal{\lambda x:\metavariable{\tau} \mapsto x}
\and

\Big{\llbracket}
	\inferrule[M-Single]{
		(\metavariable{h} : \metavariable{\tau} \typeterminal{\rightarrow_\text{morph}} \metavariable{\tau'}) \in \Gamma
	}{
		\Gamma \vdash \metavariable{\tau} \leadsto \metavariable{\tau'}
	}
\Big{\rrbracket} = \metavariable{h}
\and

\end{mathpar}
\end{definition}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Translation}
\begin{definition}[Morphism Translation (2)]
\begin{mathpar}
\small
\Big{\llbracket}
	\inferrule[M-Chain]{
		C_1 :: \Gamma \vdash \metavariable{\tau} \leadsto \metavariable{\tau'}\\
		C_2 :: \Gamma \vdash \metavariable{\tau'} \leadsto \metavariable{\tau''}
	}{
		\Gamma \vdash \metavariable{\tau} \leadsto \metavariable{\tau''}
	}
\Big{\rrbracket} = \exprterminal{\lambda \text{x}:\metavariable{\tau} \mapsto}
		\Big{\llbracket} C_2 \Big{\rrbracket}
		\exprterminal{(}\Big{\llbracket} C_1 \Big{\rrbracket} \exprterminal{\text{x})}
\and


\Big{\llbracket}
	\inferrule[M-MapSeq]{
		C_1 :: \Gamma \vdash \metavariable{\tau} \leadsto \metavariable{\tau'}
	}{
		\Gamma \vdash
		\typeterminal{\langle\text{Seq } \metavariable{\tau}\rangle} \leadsto
		\typeterminal{\langle\text{Seq } \metavariable{\tau'}\rangle}
	}
\Big{\rrbracket} = \exprterminal{\lambda \text{xs}:\typeterminal{\langle\text{Seq }\metavariable{\tau}\rangle} \mapsto}
		\exprterminal{( \text{map}} \Big{\llbracket} C_1 \Big{\rrbracket} \exprterminal{\text{xs})}

\end{mathpar}
\end{definition}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Translation}

\begin{definition}[Expression Translation]
Translates a type-derivation tree into a fully expanded expression

\begin{mathpar}
\Big{\llbracket}
	\inferrule[T-App]{
		D_1 :: \Gamma \vdash \metavariable{f} : \metavariable{\sigma} \typeterminal{\rightarrow} \metavariable{\tau}\\
		D_2 :: \Gamma \vdash \metavariable{a} : \metavariable{\sigma'}\\\\
		C :: \Gamma \vdash \metavariable{\sigma'} \leadsto \metavariable{\sigma}
	}{
		\Gamma \vdash (\metavariable{f} \quad \metavariable{a}) : \metavariable{\tau}
	}
\Big{\rrbracket} =
	\Big{\llbracket}D_1\Big{\rrbracket}
	\exprterminal{(}
	\Big{\llbracket}C\Big{\rrbracket}
	\Big{\llbracket}D_2\Big{\rrbracket}
	\exprterminal{)}
\end{mathpar}
\end{definition}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Soundness}

\begin{lemma}[Morphism generation has correct type]
\begin{mathpar}
C :: \Gamma \vdash \metavariable{\tau} \leadsto \metavariable{\tau'}\\
\Rightarrow \Gamma \vdash \llbracket C \rrbracket : \metavariable{\tau} \typeterminal{\rightarrow_\text{morph}} \metavariable{\tau'}
\end{mathpar}
\end{lemma}

\begin{lemma}[Expression Translation preserves typing]
\begin{mathpar}
D :: \Gamma \vdash \metavariable{e} : \metavariable{\tau}\\
\Rightarrow \Gamma \vdash \llbracket D \rrbracket : \metavariable{\tau}
\end{mathpar}
\end{lemma}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Soundness}

\begin{theorem}[Preservation]
\begin{mathpar} \forall \Gamma, \metavariable{e}, \metavariable{\tau},\\
D :: \Gamma \vdash \metavariable{e} : \metavariable{\tau}\\
\Rightarrow \llbracket D \rrbracket \rightarrow_{eval} \metavariable{e'} \\
\Rightarrow \Gamma \vdash \metavariable{e'} : \metavariable{\tau}
\end{mathpar}
\end{theorem}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Soundness}
\begin{theorem}[Progress]
\begin{mathpar} \forall \Gamma, \metavariable{e}, \metavariable{\tau},\\
D :: \Gamma \vdash \metavariable{e} : \metavariable{\tau}\\
\Rightarrow \llbracket D \rrbracket \text{ is a value} \\ \vee \\
\exists \metavariable{e'} . \llbracket D \rrbracket \rightarrow_{eval} \metavariable{e'} \\
\end{mathpar}
\end{theorem}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Summary}
todo
\end{frame}

\end{document}